McClure, Robert. 1807-73. British naval commander. First Northwest Passage crossing by boat and sledge 1853-4.

Mexican War. 1846-8. US acquires western territory (5 states). Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 1861-4. Napoleon III conquers Mexico, installs Emperor Maximilian.

Monroe Doctrine. 1823. No interference by Europe in Western Hemisphere. No US interference in Europe.

Moscow Olympics. 1980. Boycotted by Western nations opposed to Afghanistan invasion.

Namibia. Bushman. Nama, Dama. Ovambo, Herero. 1884 German protectorate. 1892 Colony = German South-West Africa. 1915 South Africa...League of Nations mandate. 1948 South Africa despite UN protest. 1990 Independent. SWAPO.

Neustria. Western of 4 Merovingian kingdoms. Austrasia.

Neuve-Chapelle, Battle. 1915. Failed WWI artillery attack by British on Western Front.

Nicene Creed. 325. Tenets of Christian faith. Interpretation of Trinity, adding filioque led to East-West Schism. Nicaea.

North West Company. 1783-1821. Rival of Hudson’s Bay Co. Merged.

Northwest Passage. Attempts 1497- to find a sea route around Canada to Asia. Amundsen succeeded 1903-6. McClure 1853.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Okubo, Toshimichi. 1830-78. Japanese statesman. Meiji Restoration. Westernized Japan.

Oñate, Juan de. -1630. Spanish explorer of southwest US.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Parry, William. 1790-1855. English arctic explorer. Failed to find NW Passage.

Photius. c820-91. Patriarch of Constantinople 858~86. Began Great Schism controversy.

Ponte Vecchio. 1345. Florence. First segmented arch bridge in West.

Proclamation of 1763. Limited settlement west of Appalachians to appease Indians.

Remington, Frederic. 1861-1909. US artist of western subjects.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

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