Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Pompidou, Georges. 1911-74. French statesman, Prime Minister 1962-68, President 1969-. Fifth Republic Constitution.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Portland, William Bentrick, Duke of. 1649-1709. Dutch/English statesman. Boyne. Treaty of Rijswijk.

Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Protectorate. Sovereign state with agreement for protection from stronger state.

Puerto Rico. Taino. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1508 Spanish colony. 1898 US (Spanish American War). 1998 rejects statehood.

Quietism. 1696. Mystic religious movements. Passivity allows communication with God. Hinduism. Sufism. Molinos. Guyon. Fenelon. Soul in passive state is saved by divine spirit.

Rabin, Yitzhak. 1992-95. Israeli statesman. Military leader, Six Day War. PM 74-77, 92-95. Peace negotiater.

Rajk, Laszlo. 1909-49. Hungarian communist statesman. Hung for treason. Rehabilitated 1956.

Rathenau. Walter. 1867-1922. German industrialist, statesman. Organized economy for WWI. Assassinated.

Relativism. Truth depends on the state of the observer relative to the observed.

Restoration. 1660. English Monarchy reinstated following Protectorate. 1791 French Revolutionary Wars.

Rhine, Confederation of. 1806-13. Bavaria and German states with constitution in French model.

Root, Elihu. 1845-1937. US internationalist statesman. Agreements with Japan, Britain, Latin America. Disarmament Conference.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Samuel, Herbert. 1870-1963. British philosopher, statesman. Practical Ethics.

Seward, William. 1801-72. Anti-slavery US statesman. “Seward’s Folly”-bought Alaska 1867.

Shelburne, 2nd earl. 1737-1805. English statesman. Prime Minister 1782-3. Treaty of Paris.

Shinto. Japanese state religion 1769-. All things are holy. Ancestor worship.

Sieyès, Joseph. 1748-1836. French abbé. What is the Third Estate? called for democracy 1789. Drafted Declaration of the Rights of Man. Helped organize Napoleon’s coup.

Sigurdsson, Jon. 1811-79. Icelandic statesman. Led self-government movement.

Sihanouk, Norodom. 1922-. Cambodian king 1941-55. Abdicated for father. Prime Minister 1955-60. Head of State 1960-70.

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