Louis XIII. The Just. 1601-43. French King 1610-. With Richelieu, extended monarchs power. Absolutism.

Louis XVIII. 1755-1824. Bourbon. Restored to French throne by Allies 1814-. Advisory Parliament. Ultraloyalists.

Luna, Pedro de. = Antipope Benedict XIII.

Luynes, Duke of. 1578-1621. French. Adviser to Louis XIII.

Macbeth. -1057. Scottish king 1040-. Killed, succeeded Duncan. Killed by Duncan’s son, Malcolm.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malcolm III. c1031-1093. Scottish king 1058-. Killed and succeeded Macbeth.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Megalopolis. 370-222BC. Greek city destroyed by Spartan Cleomenes III.

Mexican War. 1846-8. US acquires western territory (5 states). Guadalupe-Hidalgo. 1861-4. Napoleon III conquers Mexico, installs Emperor Maximilian.

Michael VIII. 1224-82. Byzantine Emperor 1259-. Won Constantinople from Latins. Founded Paleologus dynasty.

Montfort, Simon de. c1208-65. English leader of revolt vs Henry III. Model Parliament was first representative parliament. Defeated and captured at Evesham 1265. Barons War.

More, Thomas. 1477-1535. English humanist, statesman. Utopia 1516, described ideal cooperative democracy. Executed by Henry VIII for opposing Act of Supremacy. Catholic saint.

Mornay, Philippe de. 1549-1623. French Huguenot leader in Wars of Religion, 1562-98. Reconciled Henry III, Henry of Navarre.

Morny, Charles, duc de. 1811-65. French coup organizer 1851 for Napoleon III.

Napoleon III. 1808-73. President of French Republic 1848-52. Emperor by coup d’etat 1852-70. Defeated by Bismarck, exiled.

Neerwinden. 1693 Victory of Luxembourg over William of Orange.

Nonjurors. 1689. Clergy refusing to take oath of Allegiance to William and Mary.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

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