Nagyvarad, Peace. 1538. Divided Hungary between Hapsburg and Zápolya. Failure allowed Ottoman occupation of 2/3 of Hungary.

Nasrids. 1238-1492. Last Moslem dynasty in Spain.

National Defense, Gov’t of. 1870-71. France. Fall of Empire until recall of National Assembly.

Navarino, Battle. 1827. Greeks/Allies naval defeat of Egypt/Turks.

Navarre. Vascones. 1C BC Rome. 400-800 Independent. 711 Moslem(Part). 798 Independent Basque kingdom. 1234 French dynasties. 1512 Castile(S). 1589 France(N).

NeoBabylonian. Chaldean.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

New Kingdom. 1567-1085BC. Peak of Egyptian Empire. 18-20th dynasties. Akhenaton, Ramses II. Valley of Kings.

Nicaea, Empire. 1204-61. Byzantine state reconquered Latin Empire to restore Byzantine Empire.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Nicephorus I. -811. Byzantine Emperor 802-. Agreement with Charlemagne led to Empire of the West.

Nicephorus II Phocas. 912-69. Byzantine Emperor 963-. Resurgence of Byzantine power.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Niger. Tuareg. 7C Songhai Empire(W). 10C Berber(E). 16C Bornu Empire(SE). 17C Djerma/ Tuareg. 18C Sokoto kingdom. c1900 «French West Africa 1960 Independent.

Nineveh. c6500BC. Capital of Assyrian Empire 700-612BC.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

Oldenburg. 1180 Independent. 1667 Denmark. 1773 Russia. 1777 Independent. 1834 Prussia. 1853 Zollverein. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Republic. 1945 West Germany.

Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Osman I. 1258-1326. Turkish founder of Ottoman Empire 1299. Conquered Byzantium.

Otakar II. -1278. King of Bohemia 1252-. Killed at Dürnkrut opposing HRE Rudolf I.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

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