Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Ste. Chapelle. 1246-8. Paris. Architect: Pierre de Montreuil. Built to house The Crown of Thorns.

Steuben, Baron von. 1730-94. Prussian general. Trained, organized American Revolution army 1778-.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Switzerland. Celts (Helvetii). 58BC Rome. 5C Alemanni, Burgundians. 6C Frank. 962 HRE. 1291 3 Cantons unite vs Hapsburgs. 1515- Neutral. 1648 Indepence recognized. 1815 Neutrality recogognized.

Syria. c10000BC Natufians. c2300BC Akkadian. c1900 Amorite. 16C Egypt. 14C Hittite. 8C Assyria. 7C Babylon. 538 Achaemenid. 332 Alexander...301 Seleucid. 64BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 634 Moslem. 877 Egypt. 11C Seljuk 1098 Latin Empire(part). 12C Ayyubid. 1249 Mameluk. 1516 Ottoman. 1920 French League of Nations mandate. 1943 Independent. 1958 +Egypt = United Arab Republic. 1961 -Egypt=Syria. Damascus.

Syrian Wars. 274-200BC. Egypt vs Seleucid Empire.

Taiwan. Indonesians. 1590 Portugal discovers = Formosa. 17C Dutch/Spanish settle. 1662 Chinese settle, expel Europeans. 1895 Japan. 1945 China. 1949 Independent as Republic of China. 1971 United Nations gives Taiwan’s seat to People’s Republic of China.

Tallage. -14C. Feudal tax on vassals by Lords.

Tallin. 1219 Danish fortress in Estonia. 1285 Hanseatic League. 1346 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Sweden. 1710 Russia. 1918 Estonia.

Tangier. 15C BC Phoenicia. Carthage. Rome = Tingis. 429 Vandal. 541 Byzantine. 621 Visigoth. c682 Moslem. 1471-17C Spain, Portugal dispute. 1661 English. 1684 Morocco. 1923 International neutral port. 1940-45 Spanish occupy. 1956 Morocco.

Tannenberg, Battle. 1410. Victory of Poles and Lithuanians ends Teutonic Knights’ expansion. 1914. Germans rout 2 Russian armies, crippling them for rest of WWI.

Tantalus. Son of Zeus, punished by receding fruit and water.

Tardieu, André. 1876-1945. French politician. Paris Peace Conference. Prime Minister 1929~32.

Tatars. Ancient: Mongols who merged with Golden Horde, invaded Europe 13C. Tatarstan.

Tea. c2700BC China. 6C Europe. 1657 England.

Telemachus. Greek son of Odysseus and Penelope. Mentor.

Telstar. 1962. First satellite TV between North America, Europe. First public telephone by satellite.

Temperance Movement. 1808 Begun in NY by women and churches. 1874 WCTU. 1890 Carry Nation. 1893 Anti-Saloon League. Prohibition.

Teutoburg Forest, Battle. 9. Arminius halts Roman conquest of Germany.

Teutonic Knights. c1190-1809. Military Germanic order to treat wounded crusaders. 13-14C Empire over Prussia, Estonia, Latvia. Tannenberg.

Teutons. Former peoples of Germany.

Theater of the Absurd. 1950-70. Depicts human condition as meaningless. Beckett. Ionesco.

Themistocles. c523-460BC. Athenian archon, naval leader 493-480BC. Defeated Persians at Salamis, 480. Rebuilt Acropolis. Started Piraeus harbour.

Theseus. Aegeus’ son. Killed the Minotaur and united Attica.

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