EEC. 1958 European Economic Community. European Union.

EFTA. European Free Trade Association. 1960. Free trade with EEC: Austria, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Switzerland. Until joining EEC: Denmark, Portugal, UK.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1890-1969. Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Europe 1943-5. US president 1953-61.

Eleusinian Mysteries. Secret Greek ritual to honour Demeter and Persephone.

Elgin, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of. 1766-1841. British diplomat to Greece. Removed parthenon statues to British Museum 1816.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

Enlightenment. 17-18C. Intellectual movement. Rationalism, natural laws vs dogma, authority. J-J Rousseau. Smith. Mendlessohn. Fontenelle. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Hume. Berkeley. Sturm und Drang.

Epaminondas. c410-362BC. Thebian general, statesman. Defeated Sparta at Leuctra. Permanently changed balance of power.

Epimetheus. Pandora’s husband.

Erechtheum. 5C BC. Ionic temple on Athenian acropolis.

Erechtheus. King, raised by Athena. First temple on Athens Acropolis. Later deified.

Essex, Earl of. (Robert Devereux). 1567-1601. Favourite of Elizabeth I. Executed.

Estonia. c1000BC Aesti. 9C- Vikings invade. 11,12C Russia, Denmark, Sweden invades. 1219 Denmark. 1346 Teutonic Knights buy. 16C Sweden/Poland/Denmark divide. 17C Sweden. 1721 Russian. 1918 Independent. 1919-33 Unstable governments. 1924 Failed Bolshevik revolution. 1934 Päts coup. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Ethelred the Unready. c968-1016. King of English 978-. Unable to defend against Danish raids. Drove them out, 1015.

EU. European Union.

Eucken, Rudolf. 1846-1926. German philosopher: personal ethics are more important than intellectual idealism.

Euclid. c300BC. Greek mathematician. Discovered plane geometry. Elements.

Eudes. 860-98. King of France in 888. Defended Paris against the Norse in 885.

Eudoxus of Cnidus. c400-350BC. Greek astronomer. Explained movement of sun, moon, planets.

Eugène of Savoy, Prince. 1663-1736. French General of H.R. Imperial armies. Defeated Turks in Vienna and Hungary.

Eugenics. Race improvement by selective mating. Galton.

Eugénie. 1826-1920. Spanish Empress of France, 1853-70.

Eulenspiegel, Till. -1350. German peasant prankster.

Euler, Leonhard. 1707-83. Swiss mathematician. Calculus, optics. Analytic geometry.

Euphronius. c500BC. Greek painter and potter.

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