Perseus. c212-166BC. Last Macedonian king 179-168BC. Defeated at Pydna by Rome.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Philip V. 238-179BC. Macedonian king 221-. Defeated by Rome.

Philippics. Acrimonious orations of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedonia.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Pogrom. Attack on minority, usually Jews, sanctioned by government. 1881~1906 Russia. 1261 London. Poland, Germany during Hitler regime.

Poseidon. Greek god of the sea. = Neptune.

Poseidonius. c135-51BC. Greek Stoic philosopher. Explained tides 79BC.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

P’u-i, Henry. 1906-67. Last Chinese Emperor. 1908-12. Japanese puppet Emperor of Manchukuo 1934-45. Interned by Soviets in Siberia 1945-50. Reeducated by Communist Chinese. Pardoned 1959. Mechanic. From Emperor to Citizen 1980.

Punjab. Aryan. c518BC Persia. 326BC Macedonia. c324BC Mauryan. c320 Gupta. 8C Moslem. 1206 Delhi. 16C Mogul. 1764 Sikh. 1849 Britain. 1947 Pakistan(W)/India(E). 1984 Amritsar Assault.

Pushkin, Aleksandr. 1799-1837. Russian Romantic writer. Russia’s “Shakespeare”: Boris Gudonov 1825. Eugene Onegin 1823/4. Exiled 1821~6.

Putnam. American General at Bunker Hill. “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Pydna, Battle. 168BC. Romans defeat, divide Macedonia.

Quintuple Treaty. 1839. Britain, France, Prussia, Austria, Russia guaranteed Belgian integrity. London Treaty.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Regium Donum. 1690~1869. Grant from monarch to Nonconformist ministers in Britain.

Renaissance Architecture. Italy 15C-. England 1558-1702. Intellectual search for harmony with Roman and mathematical proportions. Michelangelo. Bramante. Brunelleschi. Manetti.

Reynolds, Joshua. 1723-92. English expressive portrait painter: Mrs. Siddons. Miss Nelly 1760. Founder, Royal Academy 1768.

Savoy Conference. 1661. London. Failed to agree on new prayer book. Puritans leave Church of England.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scotland Yard. Site of Palace where Scottish kings stayed. 1829- HQ, London Metropolitan Police.

Serbia. 7C Serbs. 890 Bulgar Empire. 1159 Nemanya unites. 1389 Ottoman. 1830 Autonomous Russian protectorate. 1878 Independent. 1882 Kingdom. 1913 +N Macedonia. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1946 People’s Republic of Yuguslavia. 1992 +Montenegro =Yugoslavia. Kosovo.

Servandoni, G.N. 18C Italian/French architect. St. Sulpice facade 1732.

Seven Bishops. 1688. Confined to Tower for opposing Declaration of Indulgence.

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