Sinan. 1489-1588. Ottoman architect. Mosque of Suleiman, Istanbul 1550-7.

Siqueiros, David. 1896-1974. Mexican socialist mural painter. Third World. March of Humanity.

Sirens. Greek sea nymphs, half bird, half woman. Song lured sailors onto rocks.

Six Articles, Statute. 1539-1547. Henry VIII’s statement of Church of England doctrine. Persecuted both adamant Catholics and Protestants.

Slovenia. Balkans. 6C Slovenes settle. 748 Franks dominate. 9C Franks split...German kingdom. 1335 Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Smith, Adam. 1723-1790. Scottish economist. Doctrine of free exchange. Natural law of supply and demand. Wealth of Nations 1776. -“Labour is source of all wealth”.

Smolensk. Victories of Napoleon 1812, Germans 1941.

Smyrna. =Izmir. 3000BC Greek city in Turkey. 600BC Lydian. 4C Greek 1425 Ottoman. 1920-2. Greeks occupy, massacre.

Snellman, Johan. 1806-81. Finnish nationalist. Established national language.

Social Democratic Party. 1863. Oldest German political party. Marxist to 1959. Now less radical.

Social Security. First in Germany: 1883-89. UK 1911; Canada 1927; US 1935-66. Poor Laws. National Insurance.

Socialism, Utopian. Saint-Simon’s concept of government redistributing wealth according to capacity and performance.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

South West Africa. German South-West Africa. Namibia.

Spartacus League. 1914-19. Forerunner of German Communist Party. Leaders executed after 1919 uprising.

Spener, Philipp. 1635-1705. German founder of Pietism.

Sphynx. Greek mythical creature with lion’s body, human head. Killed who could not solve riddle. Earliest known 2550BC.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Starhemberg, Ernst von. 1638-1701. Austrian Field Marshal. Defended Vienna vs Turks 1683.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

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