Rubicon. Italian river crossed by Caesar to wage war vs Roman Senate 49BC.

Rudolf. (Raoul). French king 923-36. Fought Normans and Hungarians.

Rudolf I. 1218-91. First Hapsburg Emperor of Germany 1273-.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Ruhr. German steel region. Occupied by France 1923-30. Heavily bombed in WWII.

Rundstedt, Gerd von. 1875-1953. Leading German WWII commander.

Runes. 3-16/17C. Alphabet used by German peoples; origin unknown.

Runge, Friedlieb. 1795-1867. German. Phenol from coal 1833. Carbolic acid 1834. Paper chromatography.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Ruska, Ernst. 1906-88. German engineer. Electron microscope.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Sabellianism. 3C Christian heresy. Trinity is 3 manifestations of one Godhead.

Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Sachs, Nelly. 1891-1970. German poet, Jewish spokesperson.

Sallust. c86-34BC. Roman historian. Expelled from Senate for immorality. Catilina.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

Salonika Campaign. 1915-18. Allies take Serbia, Romania. Force Constantine I to abdicate.

Samanids. 819-999. Persian native dynasty. Flourishing of arts.

Samoa. Melanesians. 1722 Dutch explore. 1830 British settle. 1856 German trade. 1899 Germany(W)/ USA(E) becomes Western Samoa, American Samoa.

Samuel, Herbert. 1870-1963. British philosopher, statesman. Practical Ethics.

San Stefano, Treaty. 1878. Ended Russo-Turkish War. Independence for Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria. Congress of Berlin.

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