Roger II. 1095-1154. Norman count of Sicily 1105-; First king 1130-54. Prosperity, culture.

Röhm, Ernst. 1887-1934. German Nazi rival of Hitler. Organized SA. Executed.

Rollo. 860-932. Norse pirate. Colonized Normandy 911. 885 Rolled boats around Paris when seige failed.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Roman Question. 1861-1929. Italy vs Papacy over control of Rome. Lateran Treaty.

Roman Republic. 509-27BC. Roman Empire. Rome.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romanov. Russian dynasty 1613-1917. Michael.

Romansh. Romance language spoken in Grison Canton of Switzerland. “National” language 1938-.

Romantic. Period of music. c1800-1910. Sought freedom of expression. Instrumental virtuoso. Berlioz. Liszt. Schubert. Schumann.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

Root, Elihu. 1845-1937. US internationalist statesman. Agreements with Japan, Britain, Latin America. Disarmament Conference.

Rorschach, Hermann. 1884-1922. Swiss psychiatrist. Ink blot test 1921.

Rosenberg, Alfred. 1893-1946. German Nazi ideologist. Executed.

Rosso Fiorentino. 1495-1540. Mannerist painter. Descent from Cross 1521.

Rostand, Edmond. 1868-1918. French Romantic dramatist: Cyrano de Bergerac 1897.

Rothschild, Meyer. 1744-1812. German banking family patriarch.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

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