Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Nolde, Emil. 1867-1956. German Expressionist painter.

Nordlingen, Battle. 1634. Sweden defeated, ending influence in S Germany. Heilbronn alliance dissolved.

Norman Conquest. 1066. Brought Norman laws, customs, feudal system to England. Hastings.

Normandy. Rome. 911 Norse(Rollo). 1066 + England. 1204 French. 1420 English. 1450 French.

Normandy Invasion. 1944. Eisenhower’s D-Day assault of Allies on German-occupied France. WWII turning point.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Norway. 872 United by Harald Fairhair. 1130- Civil wars. 1397 Danish. 1814 Swedish. 1905 Independent. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Novalis. 1772-1801. German Romantic poet.

Occasionalism. Will is free. God arranges that what man wills, happens. Determinism. Free Will.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

Octobrists. 1905-17. Russian party seeking enactment of October Manifesto.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Ohm, Georg. 1787-1854. German physicist: Laws of electric current, 1826.

Okubo, Toshimichi. 1830-78. Japanese statesman. Meiji Restoration. Westernized Japan.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van. 1547-1619. Dutch statesman vs Spanish occupation. Negotiated Treaty of Utrecht.

Oldenburg. 1180 Independent. 1667 Denmark. 1773 Russia. 1777 Independent. 1834 Prussia. 1853 Zollverein. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Republic. 1945 West Germany.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Oman. 1508 Portugal discovers. 1659 Turkey. 1741 Said dynasty. Zanzibar.

Omdurman, Battle. 1898. British defeat Mahdi, dominate Sudan.

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