Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Aragon, Louis. 1897-1982. French Romantic poet + Communist.

Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725. Japanese Confucian philosopher, statesman, historian.

Arcadius. 377-408. First Roman Emperor of East, 395-.

Ares. Greek god of war, Roman =Mars.

Aristippus. 435-366BC. Cyrenaic philosopher: Man’s goal should be pleasure. Good=pleasant.

Arminius. 18BC-19 AD. German chief who defeated Varus 9 AD.

Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Arriaga, Manuel. 1842-1917. First President of Portugal.

Art Deco. 1920-39. Elegant Parisian decorative style. Erte. Lalique. Chanel.

Artemis. Greek goddess of hunting. =Roman Diana.

Arthur I. 1187-1203. Duke of Brittany. Claimant to English throne. Defeated by John I.

Asceticism. Self denial of sensual and material pleasures. Advocated by many religious sects.

Ascham, Roger. 1515-68. English humanist, author.

Asclepius. Greek god of healing. Killed by Zeus to prevent immortality of man. Son of Apollo.

Asculum, Battle. 279BC. “Pyrrhic” victory of Pyrrhus over Romans.

Ask. First man in Norse mythology. Embla.

Astor, John. 1763-1848. German/US fur magnate.

Astor, Nancy. 1879-1964. First woman to sit in British House of Commons, 1919-45.

Atlantic, Battle. 1939-45. Unsuccessful German attempt to blockade Britain, WWII.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Augsburg League. 1686-9. Holy Roman Empire and allies vs France. Replaced by Grand Alliance.

Augur. -391. Roman interpreter of omens.

Augustus. Octavian. 63BC-14 AD. 2nd Triumvirate. First Roman Emperor. Pax Romana-Peaceful reign: Virgil, Horace.

Aulic Council. 1498-1806. Court of Holy Roman Empire. Derived from Maximilian’s personal council.

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