Lee, Richard. 1732-94. US Continental Congressman. Opposed Constitution, advocated Bill of Rights.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Manorial System. (Seignorial). 11-15C. Lord grants peasant rights to till land for fixed payment.

Mott, Lucretia. 1793-1880. Organized first US women’s rights conference with Stanton, 1848.

Napoleonic Code. 1804-. French laws standardized. Personal liberty, equality, justice, divorce, marriage, property rights. Still in use.

Natural Rights. Inherent rights that cannot be taken away by a government.

Niagara Movement. 1905-10. US black civil rights movement. NAACP.

Nordic Council. 1953-. Denmark, Norway, Sweden. 1955 +Finland. Promotes cultural unity, reciprocal rights.

Northwest Rebellion. 1885. Saskachewan natives and Métis for land rights. Defeated. Riél.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuremberg Laws. 1935. German Jews lose citizenship and rights.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Rákóczi I, György. 1593-1648. Transylvanian prince. Won rights from Hapsburgs for Hungarians.

Randolph, A. Philip. 1889-1979. US black civil rights/labor leader. March on Washington 1963.

Reconstruction. 1865-77. Post Civil War US. Military control of south. Civil Rights Act. Carpetbaggers.

Rights, Bill of. 1689. Established power of British Parliament over taxes, laws, army. Protestant Succession. William and Mary.

Rights, Bill of. 1791. First 10 amendments to US constitution. Freedom of religion, right to due process, counsel, bear arms, no self incrimination, cruel or unusual punishment, etc.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. 1815-1902. US suffrage leader. First woman’s rights convention 1848. Mott.

States’ Rights. US political doctrine. Restricts federal power.

Teapot Dome Scandal. 1922. Exclusive oil rights granted by Fall for personal “loans”. Discredited Harding administration.

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