Boyacá, Battle. 1819. South American rebels win independence from New Granada from Spain. Bolivar. Santander.

Byron, Lord. 1788-1824. English Romantic poet. Aided Greek indep. Hours of Idleness, Prisoner of Chillon, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812, Don Juan 1812.

Cakste, Janis. 1859-1927. Latvian independence leader, First president 1922-.

Carabobo, Battle. 1821. Venezuela defeats Spain, gaining independence.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Casement, Roger. 1864-1916. Irish. Enlisted German aid for Irish Independence during WWI. Executed.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Dinh Bo Linh. -979. Emperor, reunified Vietnam, gained independence from China.

Durham Report. 1839. Advocated colonial independence from Britain, BNA Act.

Ferdinand. 1861-1948. Crown prince 1887-, First czar of Bulgaria 1908-18. Fought Ottomans. Gained independence.

Finnish War of Independence. 1918. Anti-communists defeat Bolsheviks with German aid.

Gallicanism. 13-19C. French Catholic independence from papal authority. Conciliarism vs Ultramontanism.

Goliad Massacre. 1836. 350 Texan prisoners by Mexico in War for Independence.

Grattan, Henry. 1746-1820. Irish independence leader. Irish Parliament 1782. Poyning’s Law repeal movement.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greek Liberation, War. = Greek Independence, War.

Home Rule Movement, Irish. 1870-c1920. For independence from Britain.

Iguala, Plan de. 1821. Stated 3 objectives of Mexican Independence movement. Ignored by issuer, Iturbide, when he became Emperor.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Irish Home Rule. 1880-1920. Movement for Irish independence from Britain. Home rule granted 1920...Irish Free State.

Iturbide, Augustin de. 1783-1824. Emperor of Mexico 1822-3. Led Mexican independence movement. Exiled.

John VI. 1769-1826. King of Portugal 1816-. Brazil independence.

Károlyi, Mihály. 1875-1955. Hungarian. Sought independence from Austria. President 1919.

Lavalleja, Juan. 1784-1853. Uruguay revolutionary. Led 33 Immortals. Independence from Brazil.

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