Couthon, Georges. 1755-94. French aide to Robespierre. Guillotined.

Cowell, Henry. 1887-1965. US avant-garde composer. Tone Clusters.

Creek War. 1813-14. Creek Indians defeated by Jackson, give up lands to US.

Cressida. Unfaithful to Troilus, she deserted Troy for the Greeks.

Cricket. 1598 derived from Club ball. 1877 First Test Match Australia/England.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Croce, Benedetto. 1866-1952. Italian statesman, philosopher. Opposed fascism.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Culloden, Battle. 1746. Ended Jacobite Rebellion.

Cumae. 750BC-1205. Oldest Greek colony in Italy. Near Naples.

Cunaeus. Leyden jar battery 1745.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Cuneiform. 3000-1C BC. Sumerian writing form in clay with triangular pointed stick. Spread widely.

Curie, Irene. Joliot-Curie.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Curzon Line. 1920. Russo-Polish armistice line. Became border, 1945.

CWA. Civil Works Admin. US New Deal project employed 4M.

Cyclades. Greek Islands in Delian League.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

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