CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Cistercians. 1098-. RC monastic order. Rigorous rule. Trappist vows of silence 1664.

Clare, Gilbert de. 1243-95. Led Barons War, but became Royalist.

Clare, Richard de. 1222-62. Led Barons. Provisions of Oxford.

Clarendon Code. 1661-5. Suppressed religious dissent in England. Five Mile Act.

Classical. 500-300BC Greek Art. Idealized figure sculptures. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian architecture. Praxiteles. Roman Art. 1C BC-2C AD. Greek forms; added arch. Sculpture: realistic portraits, dramatic bas-relief.

Classical Music. ~1750-1820. Development of sonata, symphony, string quartet. Mozart. Beethoven. Haydn.

Claudel, Paul. 1868-1955. French writer: Satin Slipper 1924.

Claudius I. 10BC-54AD. Roman Emperor 41-. Added Britain to empire.

Cleisthenes. Athenian. First democratic constitution 509BC. Introduced ostracism.

Clemenceau, Georges. 1841-1929. French Radical Prime Minister 1917-20. Dreyfus defender. War leader.

Clement III. Antipope 1080-1100 appointed by Henry IV. Defeated Rome 1084.

Clement VIII. Antipope 1423-29. Ended Great Schism.

Cleomenes III. -c219BC. Spartan King 235-222. Defeated Achaean League. Lost to Macedonia.

Cleon. -422BC. Athenian leader; advocated Pelop. War.

Cleopatra VII. 69-30BC. Queen of Egypt, lover of Caesar and Antony. Suicide.

Clermont Council. 1095. Proposed first Crusade.

Clinton, Henry. 1738-95. Commander 1778-81. Blamed for British defeat in American Revolution.

Clinton, William J. 1946- US president 1993-2001. Impeached, acquitted over Lewinsky affair. Signed NAFTA. Raised taxes.

Clocks. 3500BC Gnomon. 2000BC Chinese. 8C BC sundial 4C BC Greek water clock. 300BC hemispherical sundial 160BC Rome. 12C mechanical. 1379 de Vick. 1657 Huygens pendulum.

Clotaire II. 584-629. Merovingian king of Neustria. Reunited Frankish Empire 613, but ceded power to nobles.

Clunaics. 910-12C. Strict Benedictine Order.

Clytemnestra. Wife and murderess of Agamemnon. Killed by her children, Orestes and Electra.

Coalition, Wars of. 1792-1815. European powers oppose France’s revolutionary ideas and expansion. French Revolutionary Wars. Napoleonic Wars. Third Coalition War.

Coatlicue. Aztec earth goddess.

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