Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

Speusippus. -339BC. Led Athens Academy after Plato. First Encyclopedia.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Spiritualists, Greater World. 1931. Christian sect communicating with the dead.

Spode, Josiah. 1754-1829. British discoverer of bone china 1794.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

St Albans Raid. 1864. Confederates attack Vermont from Canada.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. 1572. Catherine de Medici has 2000 Huguenots killed by Charles IX.

St Brice’s Day Massacre. 1002. Ethelred orders killing of Danes in England.

St-Denis Basilica. 1137-44. Romanesque-Gothic transformation point. Burial place of French kings. Suger.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

St-Germain-des-Prés. Paris church. 990-1021 on the site of 542 monastery by Childebert.

St Kitts and Nevis. St Kitts: Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1623,4 British, French settle, dispute. 1783 British. Nevis: 1628 British settle. 1816 St Kitts +Nevis, Anguilla, Virgin Islands. 1871 Leeward Islands Federation. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla Autonomous. 1980 -Anguilla. 1983 Independent.

St Lucia. Carib Arawak. 17C English fail to settle. 1650 French settle. 1803 Britain. 1838 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Autonomous. 1979 Independent.

St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

St Petersburg. 1703 Founded by Peter I. 1914 =Petrograd. 1924 =Leningrad. 1991 =St Petersburg again.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

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