Ripon, Treaty. 1640. Ended Bishops’ war between Scotland and England.

Ritter, Carl. 1779-1859. German founder of scientific geography.

Rivas, Issac de. 1752-1828. Swiss inventor. Combustion engine, 1791. Automobile, 1802, carried 4 people and 1200 pounds of weight.

Rizal, José. 1861-96. Philippine writer/leader vs Spanish rule. Executed.

Robbins, Frederick. 1916-. US physician. Discovered polio virus with Enders, Weller.

Robert II. 1054-1134. Duke of Normandy 1087-1106. Son of William I. Led First Crusade.

Robert, Henry. 1837-1923. US writer. Robert’s Rules of Order 1876.

Robert Guiscard. 1015-85. Norman. Conquered and founded Two Sicilies.

Roberts, Frederick. 1832-1914. British Field Marshal. Afghan War. Boer War.

Roberval, Gilles de. 1602-75. French physicist: balance 1670. Geometry of curves.

Robespierre, Maximilien de. 1758-94. Jacobin extremist French revolutionary leader. Opposed Cult of Reason. Led Terror. Executed.

Rochambeau, Comte de. 1725-1807. French commander, aided in American Revolution.

Rochester, 2nd Earl. 1647-80. English satiric poet. History of Insipids 1676. Maim’d Debauchée.

Roderick. -711. Last Visigoth king of Spain. Defeated by Saracens, killed.

Rohan, Prince de. 1734-1803. French cardinal duped in Diamond Necklace Affair.

Roland. -778. Count of Brittany. Officer of Charlemagne, immortalized in song by Turold, c1100.

Roland de la Platière, Jean. 1734-93. Moderate French revolutionary leader. Fled Terror.

Roland de la Platière, Jeanne. 1754-93. French wife of Jean. Held revolutionary salons. Executed.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

Roncesvalles, Battle. 778. Charlemagne ambushed in Pyrenees. Basis for Song of Roland.

Ronsard, Pierre de. 1524-85. French Pléiade poet. Odes 1550. Amours 1552. Franciade 1572.

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