Porta, Gianbattista della. 1558 Telescope.

Porte St-Denis. Paris. 1672. Celebrates Louis XIV’s victories on the Rhine.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Poseidonius. c135-51BC. Greek Stoic philosopher. Explained tides 79BC.

Post-Impressionism. -1910. Modern art movement of solid color and forms as a reaction to Impressionism. Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Poujadism. 1954-8. French extreme right-wing political movement founded by Poujade. Gained tax concessions.

Poulenc, Francis. 1899-1963. Modern French composer. Les Six.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Powers, Francis Gary. 1929-77. US pilot in U-2 incident.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Pragmatism. 19-20C. Philosophy emphasizing experiment and practical utility. Pierce. James. Dewey. Schiller.

Prague, Battle. 1757. Austria defeats Prussia in Seven Years War.

Prague Spring. 1968. Czech reforms face Soviet intervention. Dubcek.

Prairial, Law of 22. 1794. France allowed only acquital or death penalty in trials. Terror.

Prasad, Rajendra. 1884-1963. First president of Indian Republic 1950-62.

Pravda. 1021. Russian law code.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1848-53. British painters vs Royal Academy. Advocated return to simple classical naturalism. Painted with bright colors on white vs dark tones of the time. Rossetti. Millais. Hunt.

Preachers, Order of. = Dominicans.

Predestination. Christian doctrine that God has pre-ordained who will be saved. Calvinism.

Prefect. Roman civil servants delegated Consul’s power.

President. Chief executive officer of most Republics.

Pressburg, Treaty. 1805. Austria loses in Napoleonic Wars. Cedes land to France.

Preston, Battle. 1648. Cromwell defeats Charles I last forces in English Civil War.

Pretoria Convention. 1881. Transvaal self-government under British suzerainty.

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