Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Peter the Hermit. 1050-1115. French. Led ill-equipped army in First Crusade.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petrie, Flinders. 1853-1942. British archeologist. Sequential dating method.

Pharos. 280BC-13C. Alexandria lighthouse. 135m high. Seven Wonders.

Pharsalus, Battle. 48BC. Caesar defeats Pompey.

Phenomenalism. Matter is defined by sense experience.

Phidias. c490-430BC. Greek sculptor. Parthenon frieze. 42 foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus at Olympia. 7 Wonders.

Philadelphia. Greek name for Amman, Jordan.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philip IV. The Fair. 1268-1314. French Capetian king 1285-. Taxed Roman Catholic Church. Ended Templars.

Philip V. 238-179BC. Macedonian king 221-. Defeated by Rome.

Philip V. The Tall. 1293-1322. French king 1316-. Succeeded over Joan by Salic Law.

Philippe Auguste Wall. 1210. First defensive wall around Paris.

Philippe de Champagne. Cartoonist 1631. Windows of St-Eustache.

Philippics. Acrimonious orations of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedonia.

Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Philistines. 12C BC- Peoples of Palestine defeated by Saul and David 10C BC. Samson.

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