Novgorod. <859. One of oldest Russian cities.

Novotny, Antonin. 1904-75. Stalinist Czech leader 1953-68. Deposed.

Noyes, John. 1811-86. Founded Utopian Oneida community.

Noyon, Treaty. 1516. France cedes Naples to Spain.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuñez, Rafael. 1825-94. Colombian President. 1880~ dictator.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

Nureyev, Rudolph. 1938-93. Russian ballet dancer. Defected 1961.

Nyerere, Julius. 1922-99. First Tanganyika Prime Minister 1961, President 1962. Union with Zanzibar. President Tanzania 1964.

Nystad, Treaty. 1721. Russia/Sweden. Russia gains window on Baltic. Ends Great Northern War.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

Oberon. King of the Fairies, from Huon de Bordeaux poem.

Obregón, Alvaro. 1880-1928. Reforming Mexican President 1920-24. Peace after civil war.

Observatory, Paris. 1667-72. Claude Perrault. Dimensions of the solar system 1672, meridians of longitude. Sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occasionalism. Will is free. God arranges that what man wills, happens. Determinism. Free Will.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

Octavian. 63BC-14AD. 27BC Declared himself Emperor Augustus.

Odeon. Athenian place of music and poetry competition. Parisian theater 1728.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Odets, Clifford. 1906-63. US playwright of social protest. Waiting for Lefty 1935. Golden Boy 1937.

Odoacer. c435-93. German who deposed Romulus Augustus 476. Assassinated by Theodoric.

1317 more results ...