Jonestown Massacre. 1978. 913 followers of US cult leader James Jones commit suicide in Guyana.

Jongleurs. French medieval wandering entertainers.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

Jorn, Asger. 1914-73. Danish Imaginist artist. Lettre à mon Fils 1957. L’avangarde se rende pas 1962.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Joséphine, Empress. 1763-1814. Widow of beheaded General de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon 1796-1809; divorced.

Joshua. Old Testament hero. Led conquest of Canaan. Destroyed Jericho.

Josiah. c640-609BC. King of Judah. Deuteronomy found in Temple. Religious reforms.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

Juan Carlos I. 1938-. Spanish king 1975-. Son of Carlist pretender Don Juan. Withstood coup, 1981.

Juárez, Benito. 1806-72. Mexican hero. Leader 1855~. Overthrew Santa Anna. La Reforma.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Judas Iscariot. c30. Apostle who betrayed Jesus. Suicide.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Judo. 19C-.Oriental self defence not in conflict with non-violent religion. Modification of jujitsu.

June Days. 1848. Paris workers uprising. Cavaignac’s military rule kills 10,000 to restore order.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Jutes. Germanic tribe who invaded England 5C. Established Canterbury.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Kadet. 1905-17. Russian moderate party in Duma.

Kafir. Moslem term for non-believers = infidel.

Kafka, Franz. 1883-1924. Czech introspective writer. Alienation of modern man. The Trial 1925. The Castle 1926. Published posthumously.

Kagawa. 1888-1960. Japanese Christian pacifist evangelist writer/labour leader. National Anti-War League 1928.

Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

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