Independence Day. Annual US holiday since July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence.

Independent Labour Party. 1893. Britain. Founded by Hardie....Labour Party 1906.

Independent Treasury. 1846-1913. US financial system not using private banks. Federal Reserve System.

Independents. Separatists. 17C English Christian sects believing that congregation should control its own affairs. Congregationalism. Puritans.

Index Expurgatorius. 1601- Vatican list of books to be expurgated.

Index Librorum Prohibitorium. 1564-1966. Vatican list of prohibited reading.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indian Independence Act. 1947. Freed and partitioned India/Pakistan.

Indian Mutiny. 1857-9. Indian troops rebel vs British officers. Months of violence, massacres. East India Act. Ended Mogul Empire.

Indonesia.16C Portuguse influence. 1602 Dutch East India Co. 1798 Netherlands(Java). 1811-16 Britishs occupy. 1910 Unified as Dutch colony. 1945 Independent. Java. Borneo. Bali. Sumatra.

Indulgence. 800 Pardon for sin in place of penance. Granted by church, 12C as reward to Crusaders. Sold by church, 1313-. Abuse by Leo X led to Reformation.

Indulgence, Declaration. 1662,72. Charles II grants toleration of Nonconformists. Voided by Parliament. 1687. James II suspends penal laws against Catholics causing Glorious Revolution.

Infallibility, Papal. 1870. Pope cannot err on matters of faith, morals. Approved by first Vatican Council after heated debate.

Ingres, Dominique. 1780-1867. French classical painter: Grande Odalisque 1814. Turkish Bath 1860.

Inkerman, Battle. 1854. Crimean War defeat of Russians by English and French.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

Inönü, Ismet. 1884-1974. Turkish military leader, Prime Minister 1923-37, 1961-5. President 1938-50.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

International Monetary Fund. IMF.1944. Bretton Woods. Lends money to balance foreign exchange deficits and stabilize exchange rates.

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