Angola. Bantu. 1482 Cao discovers.1641-8 Dutch. 1575 Portuguese colony. 1975 Independent.

Angström, Anders. 1814-74. Swedish physicist: discovered spectroscopy 1853.

Anjala League. 1788-89. Swedish, Finnish officers conspire vs Gustav III to end Russo-Swedish War.

Anjou. Region, former province of western France. Under English 1151-1204, 1360. 1480 France. Angevin.

Annates. Proportion of first year’s income paid to Pope by office holders.

Anne of Austria. 1601-66. Wife of Louis XIII. Founded Feuillantines, 1622; Val-de-Grâce, 1638. Regent for Louis XIV until he became of age.

Anselm, St. 1033-1109. Archbishop of Canterbury, founder of Scholasticism. Proved God exists 1078.

Antaeus. Giant son of Poseiden killed by Heracles.

Antarctic Treaty. 1959. 12 nations agree for 30 years of demilitarized, nuclear free scientific study.

Antarctica. 1773 Cook explores seas. 1820 first sighted. Bransfield. 1821 first landing-Davis. 1911 Amundsen first to S Pole.

Anti-Corn Law League. 1839-46. Cobden and Bright’s pacifist movement for Free Trade, public education, against social reform and Chartists. Corn Laws.

Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antigua and Barbuda. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

Antioch. 300BC Seleucus I founds. 64BC Rome. First reference to disciples as Christians c42. 540 Persia. 637 Moslem. 10-11C Syrian capital. 969 Byzantine. 1098 Crusader State. 1268 Egypt. 1517 Ottoman. 1920 Syria. 1939 Turkey.

Antisthenes. c445-365BC. Greek philosopher. Founder of Cynics.

Antony, Mark. c83-30BC. Caesar’s lieutenant. Triumvirate 43-32. Defeated at Actium with Cleopatra. Suicide.

Anubis. Jackal-headed Egyptian god of dead.

ANZUS, Pact. 1951. Australia, NZ, US mutual defence in Pacific.

Aphrodite. Greek goddess of love and beauty, Roman Venus.

Apocrypha. 14 Books of the Old Testament excluded by Protestants and Jews.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1880-1918. Italian/French avant-garde poet, coined term Surrealism to describe Chagall work.

Apostles’ Creed. 410. Widely-used affirmation of Christian faith.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Appian of Alexander. 2C. Greek/Roman historian.

Apprentices Statute. 1563-1814 England. 7 Years apprenticeship required for all trades.

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