Ali Pasha. 1741-1822. Turkish governor of Greece. Byron’s “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” subject.

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin. 1815-71. Reforming Ottoman Vizier.

Alia, Ramiz. 1925-. Albanian President 1982-92.

Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1800/02. US fear French Revolution. Forbade criticism of government. Abused by Federalists vs Republicans.

Alien Registration Act. 1940. Outlaws advocating violent overthrow of US government. Extended to include all advocates of Communism. McCarthy.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

All the Talents. 1806. English government under Grenville.

Allende, Salvador. 1908-73. Marxist president of Chile 1970-3.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Alp-Arslan. c1030-72. Seljuk Sultan. Defeated Byzantines. Turks dominate Asia Minor.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

American Revolution. 1775-1783. Independence won from Britain, United States of America formed.

America’s Cup. 1851. Royal Yacht Squadron race won by Americans until 1983. Oldest international sports trophy.

Amethyst Incident. 1949. Escape of British frigate from China.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Amistad Affair. 1841. Slaves mutiny on Spanish ship. Sail to US. Declared free by US court.

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