Perrault, Claude. 1613-88. French architect. Louvre Colonnade. Observatory.

Perret, Auguste. 1874-1954. French architect in reinforced concrete. Champs-Élyées Theatre.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Persephone. Greek goddess of fertility abducted by Hades.

Perseus. Slew Medusa with gods’ weapons. Married Andromeda.

Perseus. c212-166BC. Last Macedonian king 179-168BC. Defeated at Pydna by Rome.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Peru. Settled 8000BC. 15C Inca. 1532 Pizarro conquers for Spain. 1821 Independent.

Pérugini, Pietro le. 1445-1523. Italian painter. Taught Raphael. St. Peter and Keys 1482 (Sistine Chapel).

Peruzzi, Baldassarre. 1481-1536. Italian architect, painter. Palazzo Massimo 1535. Villa Farnesina 1509-21.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Peter the Hermit. 1050-1115. French. Led ill-equipped army in First Crusade.

Peterhouse. 1284. First Cambridge college.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Peter’s Pence. Tithe paid to papacy.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Peterskirche. 13C. Zurich church with world’s largest clock face, 28.5 feet.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

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