James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

James II. 1430-60. King of Scotland 1437-. Attacked England 1460.

James II. 1633-1701. King of Great Britain 1685-8. Exiled 1689- in France. Supported Catholics. Bloody Assizes. Glorious Revolution overthrew him.

James III. 1452-88. King of Scotland 1460-. Killed by rebels at Sauchieburn.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jameson Raid. 1895. Abortive British-led revolt vs Boer government of Transvaal.

Janácek, Leos. 1854-1928. Czech folk-influenced opera composer. Jenufa 1904.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Jansen, Cornelis. 1585-1638. Dutch theologian whose theses created Jansenism. Augustinus 1640.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Janssen, Zacharias. 1580-1638. Dutch. Compound microscope 1590.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile. 1865-1950. Swiss composer. Developed Eurhythmics 1905.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jassy, Treaty. 1792. Ends Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Crimea.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Java. 3C BC Indian infl. 8C Srivijaya(W). 13C Majapahit. 16C Mataran (Islamic). 1618 Dutch E Ind Co...1799 Dutch. 1811-16 British occupy. 1910 Indonesia. 1942-5 Japan occupies.

Java Man. First known fossils of Homo Erectus, discovered 1891.

Jay, John. 1745-1829. US president of Continental Congress 1778. First Chief Justice. Jay’s Treaty.

Jay’s Treaty. 1794. Brititish concessions to US to avoid another war doesn’t appease Americans.

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