Hair Powder Tax. 1795-1869. Britain.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Halcyone. Aeolus’ daughter. Became kingfisher. Week of winter calm.

Hale, Nathan. 1755-76. American Revolutionary spy. Executed by British -“I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country”.

Hales, Stephen. 1677-1761. British. Isolated oxygen 1727. Blood pressure 1726.

Halevi, Judah of Toledo. Judah ha-Levi.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1661-1715. English Whig statesman. Started National Debt. Established Bank of England. 1694.

Halifax, First Earl of. 1881-1959. English statesman. Viceroy of India 1925-31, Foreign Secretary 1938-40.

Halifax Explosion. 1917. French arms boat explodes in harbour. 2000 casualties. Biggest man-made explosion until Hiroshima.

Hall, G. Stanley. 1844-1924. US child psychologist. Founded American Journal of Psychology 1887.

Haller, Albrecht von. 1708-77. Swiss anatomist. “Father of experimental physiology”.

Halles Market. 1110. Paris site of pillory. Covered 1854-6. Moved 1969.

Halley, Edmund. 1656-1742. English astronomer who explained comets 1705. First meteorological chart 1686.

Hallmark. 1300. First required in Britain.

Hallstatt. ~1100BC. Pioneer iron-age culture in Austria. Spread to Spain, Greece.

Hals, Frans. c1580-1666. Dutch portrait painter: Laughing Cavalier 1624. Nurse and Child c1620.

Hamas. 1987-. Militant terrorist movement for elimination of Israel and establishment of a Palestinian state. Denounced 1993 peace agreement. PLO.

Hambach Festival. 1832. Young Germany demonstration.

Hamid II, Abdul. 1842-1915. Despotic Turkish Sultan, 1876-1909.

Hamilton, Alexander. 1755-1804. US Federalist statesman. First Secretary of Treasury. Killed in duel by Burr.

Hamilton, James. 1606-49. Scottish Royalist. Defeated by Cromwell. Hanged.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Hamilton-Gordon, George. 1784-1860. British Prime Minister 1852-55. Oregon Treaty. Crimean War.

Hamman, Johann. 1730-88. German Pietism founder.

Hammarskjold, Dag. 1905-61. Swedish UN Secretary General 1953-.

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