Francis Ferdinand. 1863-1914. Austrian archduke assassinated in Sarajevo, provoking WWI.

Francis Joseph I. 1830-1916. Austrian Empire. 1848-. King of Hungary 1867-. Bismarck. Triple Alliance. Dual Monarchy.

Francis Joseph II. 1906-89. Ruled Liechtenstein 1938-. Neutral in WWII. High tech, banking, Europe’s richest nation. Woman suffrage 1984.

Francis of Assisi, St. 1182-1226. Founder of the Franciscan order.

Francis of Paola, St. 1416-1507. Founder of ascetic Minim Friars 1435.

Franciscans. 1209. Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Missionary and educational work. Includes Capuchins, Conventuals, Observants, Zealots.

Franco, Francisco. 1892-1975. Spanish general and ruthless Fascist dictator, 1939-. Spanish Civil War.

Franco de Colonia. 13C. Systemized musical notation.

Franco-Prussian War. 1870-1. Unified Germany dominated by Prussia, wins Alsace-Lorraine. Commune. Ems Dispatch.

Franco-Russian Alliance. Dual Alliance.

Franconia. 843-. Nucleus of E Frankish kingdom. Duke = First elected German king Conrad I.

Frank, Anne. 1929-45. German Jew in Amsterdam. 2 yrs in hiding from Nazis. Diary 1947.

Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Frankfurt Assembly. 1848-9. Adopted constitution, basis of North German Confederation 1867.

Frankish Kingdom, East. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern Germany.

Frankish Kingdom, West. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern France. Franks.

Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-90. US author, scientist, revolutionary leader. Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732-57. Franklin Stove 1744. Lightning rod 1752. Bifocals 1784.

Franks. Germanic tribes invaded France, 3-5C. Clovis. Frankish.

Fraunhofer, Joseph von. 1787-1826. German. Mapped spectral lines 1814-.

Fredegund. c545-597. Murderous Q of Neustria. 40 yr. feud vs Brunhild.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa). c1123-90. HRE 1155-. Crusades. Opposed papal authority.

Frederick I. 1657-1713. Creator and first king of Prussia, 1701.

Frederick II. 1194-1250. Holy Roman Emperor. 1220-. King of Sicily 1198-. King of Jerusalem 1229-. Patron of arts, education.

Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Frederick III. 1609-70. King of Norway and Denmark, 1648-. Lost much of territory to Sweden.

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