Cierva y Cordoniu, Juan de la. 1895-1936. Spanish autogyro inventor 1923. First vertical take-off 1934.

Cimabue, Giovanni. c1240-1302. Italian painter. Broke from Byzantine to natural style by characterizing individuals. St. John. Pisa Cathedral. Sta Trinita Madonna c1290.

Cimarosa, Dominico. 1749-1801. Italian comic opera composer.

Cimbri. 2C BC. Germanic tribe. Invaded Rome. Annihilated.

Cincinnatus. 5C BC. Roman hero and statesman.

Cinematography. 1889 Edison kinetoscope. 1895 Lumière Cinematographe. 1906 Color. 1928 Talky. 1929 Technicolor.

Cinna, Lucius. c84BC. Roman consul. Killed Sulla’s supporters. Assassinated.

Cinq-Mars, Marquis de. 1620-42. Opponent of Richelieu, beheaded.

Cinque Ports. 1067-1608. Association of English Channel ports to defend England.

Ciompi, Revolt. 1378. Florence. Lower class rebellion led to democratic government.

Circe. Wizardess. Changed Odysseus’ men into animals.

CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Cisalpine Republic. 1797-1802. North Italy, created by Napoleon. 1802 Italian Republic. 1805-15 Kingdom of Italy.

Cistercians. 1098-. RC monastic order. Rigorous rule. Trappist vows of silence 1664.

Citroën, André. 1878-1935. French Industrialist, automobile company.

Civil Rights Acts. US. 1866 Black citizenship. 1964 Ends all legal discrimination. 1968 Bans housing discrimination. 1991 Equal employment.

Clapham Sect. 1790-1830. Wilberforce’s social reformers and missionaries.

Clare, Gilbert de. 1243-95. Led Barons War, but became Royalist.

Clare, Richard de. 1222-62. Led Barons. Provisions of Oxford.

Clarence, Duke of. 1449-78. Conspired vs brother Henry IV. Executed.

Clarendon Code. 1661-5. Suppressed religious dissent in England. Five Mile Act.

Clarendon Constitution. 1164. Henry II limits church power in England. Opposed by Becket.

Clarke, Arthur C. 1917-2008. British science fiction writer. Predicted geosynchronous satellites 1945. 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968.

Classical. 500-300BC Greek Art. Idealized figure sculptures. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian architecture. Praxiteles. Roman Art. 1C BC-2C AD. Greek forms; added arch. Sculpture: realistic portraits, dramatic bas-relief.

Classical Music. ~1750-1820. Development of sonata, symphony, string quartet. Mozart. Beethoven. Haydn.

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