Chad. 7C Sao. 11C Kanem. 14-16C Kanem, Bornu dispute...16C Bornu. 1808 Hausa. 1897 French protectorate. 1910 French colony «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent republic.

Chase, Salmon. 1808-73. US. Founded Republican Party. National banking system.

China. T’ang(leg). Yü (leg). c1994BC Hsia. c1500 Shang. c1027 Chou. 481 Warring States. 221 Ch’in. 202BC Han. 220 AD Three Kingdoms. 265 Chin. 386 Northern Dyn(N)/420 Southern Dyn(S). 581 Sui rebuild. 618 T’ang. 10C Five dyn/Ten kingdoms. 960 Sung. 1279 Yüan (Mongol). 1368 Ming. 1644 Ch’ing (Manchu). 1912 Republic. 1938-44 Japanese occupation. 1949 People’s Republic.

Chinese Civil War. 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion. 1622- Red Hat Rebellion. 1946-9 Communists rebel vs Kuomintang. People’s Republic established.

Chinese Revolution. 1911. Manchu dynasty replaced by a republic. Sun Yat Sen.

Cicero, Marcus. 106-43BC. Roman orator. Opposed Caesar and Antony. Executed. De Re Republica 54-51BC.

Cisalpine Republic. 1797-1802. North Italy, created by Napoleon. 1802 Italian Republic. 1805-15 Kingdom of Italy.

Comunero. 1520-1. Spanish Republican rebellion. Crushed, but effected policy changes.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Costa Rica. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1564 Spain settles. 1821 Independent. 1822 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic.

Council of the Republic. 1917. Russian provisional government.

Croatia. Balkans. 812 Croatia. 1089 +Hungary. 1527 Ottoman/Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1920 +Dalmatia. 1941 Independent. 1945 Yugoslavia. 1992 Independent Republic.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

David, Louis. 1748-1825. French republican. Neoclassical painter. Oath of the Horatii 1784. Marat 1793. Coronation of Napoleon 1808.

De Valéra, Eamon. 1882-1975. US/Irish mathematician. Led Easter Uprising. Led Sinn Fein, 1917-26. Founded Fianna Fáil 1926. Prime Minister of Irish Free State, 1931~59. President 59-73.

DeGaulle, Charles. 1890-1970. Led Free French during WWII. Provisional President 1944-6. President 58-69. Fifth Republic.

Dominica. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1660s French settle. 17C French, British dispute. 1805 British. 1966 Self-governing. 1978 Independent republic.

Dominican Republic. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. Spain 1795 France 1801 Haiti. 1809 Sp. 1822 Haiti. 1844 Independent.

Don Cossacks. 16C-1707. Semi-independent Republic.

Ebert, Friedrich. 1871-1925. First president of German Republic 1919-.

Ecuador. 1000 Quito Indian kingdom. 15C Inca. 1534 Spain. 1822 Independent «Gran Colombia. 1830 Republic. 1832 +Galapagos.

Egypt. 3100BC Menes unites. 2780 Old Kingdom. 2600 First pyramid. 2040 Middle Kingdom. 1570 New Kingdom. 663 Assyria. 525 Persia. 332 Alexander...323 Ptolemy. 30BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 642 Moslem. 1250 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1798 Napoleon. 1805 Ottoman. 1882 British occupy. 1914 British protectorate. 1922 Indepedent monarchy. 1952 Coup. 1953 Republic. 1958-61 UAR.

Einaudi, Luigi. 1874-1961. Italian. First President of Republic, 1948-55.

Eire. Ireland, Republic.

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