Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Inductive Reasoning. Baconian. Truth is induced from a mass of observed facts.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Laval, Pierre. 1883-1945. Vichy Prime Minister 1942-4. Executed for treason.

Lese Majesty. Crime against state or its ruler. Treason.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Philo. c20BC-50. Alexandrian Jew. Reconciled Jewish faith with Greek reason.

Rajk, Laszlo. 1909-49. Hungarian communist statesman. Hung for treason. Rehabilitated 1956.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Santayana, George. 1863-1952. Spanish/US philosopher. Life of Reason 1905-6.

Scholasticism. 11-14C. Christian movement to reconcile faith, reason. Anselm. Thomas Aquinas. Duns Scotus.

Seymour, Thomas. c1508-49. Brother of Jane. Married Catherine Parr. Executed for treason.

Thomas Aquinas, St. 1225-74. Italian Dominican scholar. 5 Proofs of God. An eternal law governs all physical and moral behaviour. Summa Theologica. Thomism. Reconciled Aristotle’s reason with Christian faith.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Zeno of Elea. Paradox: Arrow can never reach its target because it progresses in ever decreasing fractions of distance remaining. ½,¼... First use of dialectic reasoning.