Saturn. Roman god of agriculture and civilization. = Cronus. Saturnalia festival influenced Christmas.

Slavophile. 19C Russian intellectual movement. Believed in superiority of Russian culture.

Soul. Immaterial essence of man. Recognized by most cultures, but in varying forms.

Spengler, Oswald. 1880-1936. German historian of cultural cycles: Decline of the West 1918-22.

Suleiman I. The Magnificent. 1494-1566. Ottoman sultan 1520-. Expanded Empire to Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece. Besieged Vienna. Cultural expansion. Barbarossa II.

Sung. 960-1279. Chinese dynasty. Reform, prosperity, culture, movable type, paper currency.

Tammuz. Babylonian god of nature and agriculture.

Tulsidas. c1543-1623. Indian religious poet. Ramcaritmanas 1574-6. Influenced Hindu culture.

Tylor, Edward. 1832-1917. British founder of cultural anthropology.

Unetice. Early Bronze age culture in Austria.

Vico, Giambattista. 1668-1744. Italian cultural philosopher: Scienzo Nuova 1720.

Voodoo. Carribean religious cult of ritual and magic. Synthesis of African rites and French Roman Catholicism.

Zhdanov, Andrei. 1896-1948. Russian Politburo member. Created Cominform. Restricted Soviet cultural activities.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Benten. Japanese god of reasoning. Patron of literature, music, femininity.

Biron, Charles. 1562-1602. French marshal, beheaded for treason.

Burr, Aaron. 1756-1836. US VP 1801-5. Tied in presidential election with Jefferson. Killed Hamilton in duel 1804. Acquitted of treason 1807.

Common Law. Based on precedents derived from reason rather than a code of statutes. Originally English.

Confucius. 551-479BC. Chinese philosopher and moralist. Advocated reason, love and respect for others over supernatural. Chinese Exam. Wu Ching.

Deductive Reasoning. Aristotelian. Derivation of universal truths from prior certainties. Syllogisms.

Deism. Theory that God’s existence can be proven by reason, not just known by revelation (Theism). Rousseau. Voltaire. Jefferson.

Douglas. 1200-. Prominent Scottish family. Accused of treason, William Douglas murdered by James II 1452.

Duns Scotus, John. c1266-1308. British theologian. Immaculate Conception. vs Thomas Aquinas. Reason over faith. Scotism. Absolute primacy of God’s free will.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

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