Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Nightingale, Florence. 1820-1910. English pioneer of nursing in Crimean War. “The lady with the lamp.”

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

NKVD. 1934-46. Soviet secret police. KGB.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Noguchi, Hideyo. 1876-1928. Isolated yellow fever microbe 1918.

Nonconformists. Those who do not subscribe to a state religion. Act of Uniformity.

Noncooperation Movement. 1920-22. Ghandi’s non-violent protest in India. Amritsar Massacre.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

October War. 1973. Egypt, Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur. Repulsed. UN creates buffer zone.

OGPU. 1923. Soviet secret police. 1934 NKVD. KGB.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Old Testament. 10C BC. Hebrew portion of Bible. Apocrypha. Latin Vulgate.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Orwell, George. 1903-50. English satirical novelist and social critic: Animal Farm 1945, 1984 1948.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Paine, Thomas. 1737-1809. English/US/French political writer for democracy. Common Sense 1776, Rights of Man 1791, Age of Reason 1794.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Panama Scandal. 1892. Bribery of French Chamber of Deputies discovered re 1888 Lesseps Panama loan. Discredited Clemenceau’s radicals.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

296 more results ...