Ballot Act. 1872. Established secret ballot in English Parliamentary elections.

Bancroft, George. 1800-91. “Father of American history”. History of United States 1834-74.

Banda, Hastings. c1902-97. Autocratic Malawi President 1963-. 1971- “President for Life”.

Barabbas. Thief freed by crowd instead of Jesus.

Barbey d’Aurevilly, Jules. 1808-89. French dandy, social critic.Diaboliques 1874.

Barbuda. 1628 British Colony. 1680 Cordington family possession. 19C British Crown Colony. 1981 Independent Antigua and Barbuda.

Barebones Parliament. 1653. Cromwell’s Nominated Puritan Parliament. Named for MP, Praise-God Barbon.

Barnburners. 1842-54. US radical anti-slavery Democrats vs Hunkers.

Baroque Art. 1600-1750. Orig in Italy, spread across W. Europe. Architecture: Ornate style characterized by stucco, frescoes, rood screens. Vanbrugh. Bernini’s Barberini Palace. Music: Counterpoint vs Renaissance polyphony. Opera, cantata. Bach. Monteverdi. Vivaldi. Painting: Dynamic, emotional. Caravaggio. Reni. Rubens.Van Dyck. Rococo.

Barrackpore Mutiny. 1824. Indian troops vs British commanders. Troops massacred.

Bartholemew’s Day, St. St. Bartholemew’s Day.

Barton, Clara. 1821-1912. US Civil War nurse. Founded US Red Cross 1881.

Bassi, Agostino. 1773-1856. Italian microscopist: contagion by microbes.

Bates, W. 1825-92. English naturalist. Supported Darwin with mimicry evidence.

Bay of Pigs. 1961. CIA-financed Cuban invasion by exiles fails. Cuban Missile Crisis.

Bayle, Pierre. 1647-1706. French religious sceptic: Dictionnaire Historique et Critique 1697.

Bebel, August. 1840-1913. Founder of German Social Democrat Party.

Beccaria, Cesare. 1738-94. Italian writer. Treatise on Crime and Punishment 1764. Influenced 19C penal reform and capital punishment.

Behistun Inscription. 520BC. Trilingual carving used by Grotefend to decipher cuneiform.

Beirut. 20C BC Phoenicia. 15BC Rome. 635 Moslem. 1110 Crusaders. 1187 Saladin. 1516 Ottoman. 1291 Mameluk. 1920 Capital of Lebanon. 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War.

Belinsky, V.G. 1811-48. Russian literary critic. Emphasized social responsibility of literature. “Father of Russian radical intelligentsia.”

Bengal Partition. 1905-11. Split for administrative ease. Creates nationalistic opposition.

Bergson, Henri. 1859-1941. Philosopher. Creative Evolution 1907. The life force. Vitalism.

Berlin. Capital of: 1701 Prussia. 1871 Germany. 1949 German Democratic Republic. 1990 Germany.

Berlin Decree. 1806. Napoleon announces Continental System blockading Britain.

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