James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Jansen, Cornelis. 1585-1638. Dutch theologian whose theses created Jansenism. Augustinus 1640.

Janssen, Zacharias. 1580-1638. Dutch. Compound microscope 1590.

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile. 1865-1950. Swiss composer. Developed Eurhythmics 1905.

Jassy, Treaty. 1792. Ends Russo-Turkish war. Russia gains Crimea.

Jennings, Peter. 1950-. British author/inventor. Microchess 1976. Visidex 1980. Pocket History 1986-2009. MagicNotch 1990.

Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

Jerusalem, Kingdom. 1099-1291. Palestine kingdom created by leaders of First Crusade. King of Jerusalem used as title until 15C.

Jesus. c6BC-c30. Jewish prophet, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, son of God. Crucified. Resurrected. Life and death were inspiration for Christianity.

Jewish Era. Began 3761BCE. Year of creation calculated from Biblical evidence. Christian Era. Muhammadan Era.

Jim Crow Laws. 1877-1964. US laws allowing segregation.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John of Brienne. 1148-1237. French. Led 5th Crusade. King of Jerusalem 1210-25.

John of the Cross, St. 1542-91. Spanish mystic poet. Founded Discalced Carmelites.

Johnson, James. 1871-1938. US poet, diplomat. Secretary of NAACP. God’s Trombones 1927.

Jonestown Massacre. 1978. 913 followers of US cult leader James Jones commit suicide in Guyana.

Jourdan, Jean. 1762-1833. French Revolutionary marshal. Introduced conscription 1798. Victor at Fleurus.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Kadar, János. 1912-89. Hungarian Prime Minister 1956~65. Communist First Secretary.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Kapodistrias, Count. 1776-1831. Autocratic Greek president,1828-. Assassinated.

Karamanlis, Konstantinos. 1907-98. Greek Prime Minister 1955-63, 74-80. President 1980-. Resolved Cyprus crises 1960,74.

Katyn Affair. 1940 massacre of Polish officers by Russian troops discovered 1943. Denied, blamed on Nazis. Ignored by Allies. Soviets admit responsibility, 1992.

Kellogg, Frank. 1856-1937. US Secretary of State 1925-9. Kellogg-Briand Pact.

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