Ciompi, Revolt. 1378. Florence. Lower class rebellion led to democratic government.

Cisalpine Republic. 1797-1802. North Italy, created by Napoleon. 1802 Italian Republic. 1805-15 Kingdom of Italy.

Civil Rights Acts. US. 1866 Black citizenship. 1964 Ends all legal discrimination. 1968 Bans housing discrimination. 1991 Equal employment.

Clearance of Scottish Highlands. 1790-1850. Increased sheep farming displaces tenant crofters.

Cleisthenes. Athenian. First democratic constitution 509BC. Introduced ostracism.

Clermont Council. 1095. Proposed first Crusade.

Cockcroft, John. 1897-1967. English physicist. Split nucleus.

Cockerell, Christopher. 1910-99. English hovercraft inventor 1955.

Cold War. 1946-90. Alternating crisis and detente between west and east, begun with Russia breaking Potsdam Agreement and creating communist regimes in East Germany and Czechoslovakia.

Colette, Sidonie. 1873-1954. French descriptive novelist. Claudine Stories 1900-03. Chéri 1920. Gigi 1944.

Coligny, Gaspard de. 1519-72. Huguenot leader 1562-. Influence on king caused Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

Colombo, Matteo. c1516-59. Described pulmonary circulation.

Colonial Wars. 1834-1902. British wars against Sikhs, Burmese, Crimeans, Boers.

Columbia. US 1981. First reusable spacecraft.

Commonwealth. 1649-60. Government of England after Charles I executed. Cromwell.

Commune, Paris. 1871. Revolutionary government formed when Thiers abandoned Paris to Prussians. Crushed 2 months later by McMahon. 20,000 killed.

Communist Party. USSR. 1918. Name adopted by Bolsheviks for Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Parties started in Britain, USA, Austria, France, Italy, Spain, Germany soon after.

Comunero. 1520-1. Spanish Republican rebellion. Crushed, but effected policy changes.

Concord, Book of. 1580. Synthesis of creeds and catechisms of Lutheranism.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Congress Poland. 1815-64. Polish Kingdom created by Congress of Vienna. Ruled by Russian Czar.

Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Constantinople Agreements. 1915. Secret French/British pact to give Dardanelles to Russia after WWI. Bolsheviks repudiated all previous treaties, but publicized secret ones-embarrassing.

Corfu Pact. 1917. Called for creation of Yugoslavia.

Coty, René. 1882-1962. President of France, 1954-59. Algerian Crisis 1958, led to return of deGaulle.

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