Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Frederick the Fair. 1286-1330. Fought Louis IV unsuccessfully for German crown 1314-22.

Freedmen. Released slaves in Rome, Athens, US South.

French Revolution. 1789-99. Monarchy overthrown. Republic established 1792. Caused by Absolutism, financial crisis, Enlightenment. Terror. Napoleon. French Revolutionary Wars.

Fresnel, Augustin. 1788-1827. French physicist, wave theory of light 1815. Fresnel lens 1820.

Freyr. Norse god of fertility, sun, rain. Freyia’s brother.

Froissart, Jean. c1333-1400. French Chronicles of the Hundred Years War 1391.

Fromm, Erich. 1900-80. German/US psychoanalyst. Man for Himself 1947. The Sane Society 1955.

Functionalism. 1924-45. Architectural movement of Le Corbusier. Austere objects perfected to carry out their function.

Galerius. -311. Roman Emperor of the East, 305-. Persecuted Christians. Edict of Tolerance, 311.

Galicia. 6C Lechs/Ruthenians settle. 10C Russian. 1087 Independent prin. 1241 Mongol. 1349 Pol. 1772 Austrian. 1918 Pol. 1939 USSR(E).

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

Galland, Antoine. 1646-1715. French translator of Arabian Nights, introduced the story to Europe 1704.

Galsworthy, John. 1867-1933. British writer. Forsythe Saga 1906-21.

Galt, Alexander. 1817-93. British/Canadian statesman, father of Canadian Confederation.

Gambia, The. 1455 Portugal discovers. 1588 British settle. 17-18C French, British dispute. 1843 British Crown Colony. 1965 Independent. 1970 Republic.

Garrick, David. 1717-79. English actor, theater manager.

Gaugemela, Battle. 331BC. Alexander the Great defeats Persia.

Gauguin, Paul. 1848-1903. French Post-Impressionist painter typified by abstracted figures and flat planes of color. Tahitian Landscape. Day of the God 1894.

Gauss, Karl. 1777-1855. German physicist, mathematician. Complex Numbers. Modern arithmetic 1801.

Gautier, Théophile. 1811-72. French poet. -“Art for art’s sake”. Mlle de Maupin 1835.

Gemayel, Amin. Lebanese President 1982-88 after brother, Bashir, president-elect, was assassinated.

Genet, Jean. 1910-86. French dramatist. Theatre of the Absurd. The Blacks 1958.

Genghis Khan. c1160-1227. Founder of the Mongol Empire. Black Sea to Pacific.

Gentili, Alberico. 1552-1608. Italian jurist. International laws on the conduct of war.

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