Mexico.c1200-100BC Olmec. c300-900 Maya, Zapotec. c900-1200 Toltec. 14C Aztec. 1519-21 Cortes conquers = New Spain. 1821 Independent. 1822 Empire. 1824 Republic/Dictatorship. 1836 -Texas. 1848 -western US. 1863 French occupy. 1867 Independent republic. 1876-1911 Díaz dictator.

Moldova. 1924. Bessarabia + part of former Moldavia. 1940 Moldavian SSR. 1991 Independent Republic. CIS.

Mongolia. 13C Empire. 1686 China (Manchu). Outer Mongolia: 1913 Independent. 1921 Communist revolution. 1924 People’s Republic. Inner Mongolia: «China.

Moravia. 5C Slavs settle. 9C Empire. 1029 Bohemia. 1526 Hapsburg. 1918 Czechoslovakia. 1939-45 German protectorate. 1993 Czech Republic.

Mozambique. 1489 DaGama discovers. 1498 Portuguese colony. 1975 Independent People’s Republic.

Mugwumps. 1884. US Republican reform faction. In England, politically neutral voters.

Müller, Hermann. 1876-1931. German Weimar leader. Young Plan.

Myanmar. (Burma). Pyu. Mons. 849 Pagan kingdom. 1287 Mongol. 1303-1605 Split. 1852(S)/1886(N) British under India. 1948 Independent. 1974 Socialist republic. 1988 Military coup, dictatorship. 1989 = Myanmar. 1990 elections nullified. Suu Kyi.

Napoleon III. 1808-73. President of French Republic 1848-52. Emperor by coup d’etat 1852-70. Defeated by Bismarck, exiled.

Nasser, Abdel. 1918-70. Egypt. Led coup vs Farouk 1952. Prime Minister 1954-6, president 1956-8. UAR president 1958-. Modernized. Suez Crisis.

National Republican Party. 1825-36. US Adams supporters. Merged into Whigs.

Nauru. 1798 Sighted. 1888 Germany (Marshall Is). 1914 Australia. 1920 Britain/Ausralia/New Zealand mandate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1947 Australian trust. 1968 Independent republic.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Oldenburg. 1180 Independent. 1667 Denmark. 1773 Russia. 1777 Independent. 1834 Prussia. 1853 Zollverein. 1871 German Empire. 1919 Republic. 1945 West Germany.

Orléanists. 1830-48. French supporters of Louis-Philippe vs republicans and Bonapartists.

People’s Republic. Communist government by a people’s party. Democratic mandate from popular revolution. Often Totalitarian.

Philippi, Battle. 42BC. Antony and Octavian beat republicans Brutus and Cassius.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Pompidou, Georges. 1911-74. French statesman, Prime Minister 1962-68, President 1969-. Fifth Republic Constitution.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Prasad, Rajendra. 1884-1963. First president of Indian Republic 1950-62.

President. Chief executive officer of most Republics.

Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Progressive Party. 1912,24 Dissident US Republicans. 1948 Dissident Democrats.

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