Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Proudhon, Pierre. 1809-65. French Anarchist Socialist: “Property is theft.”-What is Property? 1840. “Government is the Scourge of God”. Systèmes des Contradictions Économiques 1846.

Provençale. Southern French dialect of Occitan. Mistral.

Ptolemy. c140. Alexandrian. First cartographer. Promoted Hipparchus’ geocentric theory of solar system. Copernicus. Columbus studied his Geography.

Ptolemy I Suter. c366-283BC. Ruled Egypt 323-; king 305-. General of Alexander the Great.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Public Safety, Committee. 1793-4. Ruled France during Terror.

Putnam. American General at Bunker Hill. “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Pyramids. c2686-2160BC. Oldest of Seven Wonders.

Pythagoras. c582-500BC. Greek philosopher: numbers are key to understanding the universe. Founded first school of higher learning at Crotona, Italy.

Pytheas. c300BC. Greek. Voyaged to Britain, Iceland.

Quantum Theory. Energy levels are discontinuous. Foundation of modern physics. Planck 1900. Bohr.

Quartering Acts. 1765-70,74. Forced Colonies to pay for British troops stationed there. Intolerable Acts. Stamp Act.

Quetzalcóatl. Aztec, Coltec god symbolized by feathered serpent. Legendary founder of Chichen Itza. Also applied as a title equivalent to saint.

Quimby, Phineas P. 1802-66. US mental healer by suggestion. Mary Baker Eddy was a patient. Father of New Thought movement.

Rameau, Jean-Philippe. 1683-1764. Composer for harpsichord and operas based on classical themes. Castor and Pollux 1737. Pygmalion 1748.

Ramiro I. First King of Aragon 1035-63. Took lands from brother and Moors.

Ramses II. The Great. Pharaoh of Egypt 1304-1237BC. Built temples. Age of prosperity.

Ramuz, Charles. 1878-1947. Swiss novelist: Terror on the Mountain 1925. Beauty on Earth 1927. Soldier’s Tale.

Ranke, Leopold von. 1795-1886. German scientific histographer.-“Historical events must be described in their own terms”.

Rathenau. Walter. 1867-1922. German industrialist, statesman. Organized economy for WWI. Assassinated.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Rayleigh, Lord. 1842-1919. English physicist, wave theorist.

Reason, Cult of. 1793-5. French Revolution atheist anti-Catholic movement.

Rebecca. Biblical wife of Isaac, mother of Jacob.

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