Omar Khayyam. c1027-1123. Persian mathematician/ poet: Rubaiyat. Specific gravity of gold 1061.

Ontological Argument. God exists as the most perfect human conception.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Orléans, Louis, duc d’. 1372-1407. Began Armagnac/Burgundy conflict. Assassinated by supporters of John the Fearless.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Ortega y Gasset, José. 1883-1955. Spanish philosopher: Terra de Nuestra Tiempo 1923. Revolt of the Masses 1929.

Ossianic Ballads. 11-18C Irish based on 3C themes of Finn MacCool. Oisin.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Paean. Greek physician to the gods.

Painlevé, Paul. 1863-1933. French mathematician. Prime Minister 1917,25.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Pallas. Greek giant killed by Athena.

Pantheism. Religion or philosophy identifying God with all that exists. Hinduism.

Pantheon. 27BC. Rome. Temple to all the gods. 609 converted to Christian church.

Panthéon. 1758-89. Paris. Soufflot. Ordered by Louis XV after recovering from illness.

Paphlagonia. Lydia. Persia. 333BC Alexander. 2C BC Pontus. 65BC Rome.

Pappus of Alexandria. Greek mathematician. Collection c340 of Greek works.

Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

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