Sighs, Bridge of. c1600. Venice. Connects Doge Palace court to prison.

Simony. Trading in church offices, sacred objects. Banned by Council of Chalcedon 451, and in England since Edward VI.

Sonnino, Sidney. 1847-1922. Italian diplomat. Encouraged Italy into WWI. Treaty of London.

Sphynx. Greek mythical creature with lion’s body, human head. Killed who could not solve riddle. Earliest known 2550BC.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur. 1879-1923. Bulgarian Prime Minister, Dictator 1919-. Killed in right-wing coup.

Suffrage, Women. 1893 New Zealand. 1902 Australia. 1906 Finland. 1913 Norway. 1915 Denmark. 1917 USSR. 1918 Canada. 1918/28 Britain. Reform Bills. 1920 US. 1971 Switzerland. 1976 Liechtenstein. Not yet in Arab countries. Wyoming.

Suharto. 1921-. Indonesian president. 1967-. Brutally repressed communist coup 1965.

Supreme Privy Council. 1726-30. Effectively ruled Russia after Peter the Great’s death without heir.

Tallien, Jean. 1767-1820. French Jacobin. Led Rebellion of 9 Thermidor.

Tannhäuser. c1200-70. German legendary knight, poet who lived in the court of Venus.

Taoism. 6C BC Chinese philosophy. Lao-tzu wrote Tao-te-Ching. Natural course is through passivity, elimination of desire.

Templars. 1119-1312. Founded by Baldwin II and 9 knights in the Holy Land to protect pilgrims. Created International banking system, 9,000 commanderies, and owned 1/4 of Paris when dissolved by Philip IV, 1307; and Edward II, 1308. Council of Vienne.

Tennis Court Oath. 1789. French Third Estate vows to obtain constitution. Declaration of authority of National Assembly.

Tetrarchy. Any country with sovereign under Roman Empire in Eastern Provinces.

Thailand. c1220 Kingdom. 1350 Ayutthaya dynasty. 1584 Independent = Siam. 1767 Burma invades. 1782 Chakkri dynasty. 1893 East ceded to France. 1932 Coup, Constitutional Monarchy. 1939 = Thailand. 1941-45 Japanese occupy. Military coups 1957,58,63,71,73,76,81.

Thermidor, Coup of 9. 1794. French moderatism after Terror. Directory. Robespierre executed. Jacobins persecuted.

Thibaut IV. 1201-53. Trouvère count of Champagne, Brie, King of Navarre.

Tillich, Paul. 1886-1965. German/US Christian philosopher. Courage To Be 1952. Systematic Theology 1951-63..

Trent, Council of. 1545-63. Compiled Missal used by Roman Catholic Church until 1969. Prohibited sale of indulgences. Signals counter-reformation. Luther.

Tsankov, Aleksandur. 1879-1959. Dictatorial Bulgarian Prime Minister 1923-6 following coup.

Two-Power Standard. 1889. Hamilton declares that British fleet should be at least equal to naval strength of any 2 other countries. Abandoned 1912 by Churchill.

Tynwald. 800- Isle of Man parliament, supreme court.

Ulster. 5C Independent kingdom. 1171 De Courci conquers for England. 1594-1601 Failed rebellion. 1610 Presbyterian Scots settle. 1920 Northern Ireland.

United Nations. UN. 1945. Charter signed by 50 nations at San Francisco. To safeguard world peace and protect human rights. Most countries members now. 15 agencies for education, relief. Trusteeship .

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