Baudricourt, Robert. Brought Joan of Arc to Charles VII.

Benefit of Clergy. 1170-1827. Literates and clergy exempt from trial by English civil court. 1489- Once only, branding. Jonson.

Bernanos, Georges. 1888-1948. French Catholic polemic writer against materialism. Diary of a Country Priest 1937.

Boulanger, Georges. 1837-91. French popular war minister. Conspired coup 1889. Banished.

Boumédienne, Houari. 1925-78. Islamic Algerian President from 1965 coup.

Brecht, Bertolt. 1898-1956. German experimental dramatist: Threepenny Opera 1928. Mother Courage.

Brumaire, Coup of 18. Napoleon abolished Directory, est’d Consulate.

Cabinet. Evolved from English Privy Council, 18C. Ministers controlling government policy.

Cagliorosto. 1743-95. Italian charlatan in Louis XIV court. Diamond Necklace Affair.

Camelot. Legendary court of King Arthur.

Canon Law. Governs church and clergy. Codex Juris Canonici 1917. Vatican Councils.

Canton Commune. 1927. Communist coup crushed by Kuomintang.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Castiglione, Baldassare. 1478-1529. Italian writer. Ideal court gentleman. Il Cortigiano 1528.

Catholic Reformation. Counter Reformation.

Cavour, Count. 1810-61. Founding editor Il Risorgimento, 1847-. First Prime Minister of united Italy 1852-. Plombieres.

Chalcedon, Council. 451. Clarified orthodox Catholic beliefs. Sees of Rome and Byzantium established. Christ’s dual nature.

Chambord, Count de. 1820-83. Claimed French throne; inflexibility led to failure of Bourbon restoration negotiations 1874.

Chambres Ardentes. 1535-1682. French courts. Tried nobles, heretics.

Chanel, Gabrielle (Coco). 1883-1971. French haut couture, perfume doyenne. Simplicity.

Chaykovsky, Nikolai. 1850-1926. Russian Socialist. Opposed Bolsheviks. Led counterrevolutionary government 1918-20.

Clermont Council. 1095. Proposed first Crusade.

COMECON. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 1949-91. USSR and satellites central planning organization.

Commonwealth, British. 1926-. Free association of autonomous countries. Evolved from the British Empire. Statute of Westminster 1931.

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