Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Transvaal. Bantu. 1836 Boers settle. Great Trek. 1855 South African Republic. 1877 British. 1881 Self-government. 1900 British. 1907 Self-governed. 1910 Union of South Africa.

Trent Affair. 1861. US sieze British mail ship in Civil War, remove two Confederate commissioners.

Tu Fu. 712-70. China’s greatest poet. Pessimistic, satirical.

Tuareg. Berber peoples of northwestern Africa.

Tunisia. Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia. 814 BC Carthage established. 146BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 534 Byzantine. 698 Moslem = Ifrikiya(...Africa). 1574 Ottoman. 1705 Autonomous. Barbary Pirates. 1881 French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Bourguiba.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Tyrrell, George. 1861-1909. British Jesuit Modernist. Applied historical methods to theology. Excommunicated.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

United Empire Loyalists. 18C. Colonists who supported Britain during American Revolution, went to Canada.

United Provinces of Central America. CAF.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Valentinian III. 419-55. Roman Emperor 425-. Lost Africa to Vandals, Gaul to Huns.

Vandals. Germans fleeing Huns, invaded Gaul, Spain 409 and Africa 429-534. Sacked Rome 455. Arians, persecuted other Christians. Routed by Byzantines 533.

Vergennes, Charles, Compte de. 1719-87. French foreign minister. Allied with American revolutionaries. Treaty of Paris 1783.

Verwoerd, Hendrik. 1901-66. South African Prime Minister 1958-66. Apartheid. Left Commonwealth 1961. Assassinated.

Vespucci, Amerigo. 1454-1512. Florentine explorer who concluded America was not Asia. Name “America”.

Vikings. Scandinavians who raided Europe 530-12C. Discovered Greenland, 982, North America, 10C. Norsemen. Varangians.

Vinland. ~1000. Region of northeast North America discovered by Leif Eriksson. L’Anse aux Meadows.

Virginia Company. London. 1606-24. To colonize North America. Founded Jamestown 1607.

Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. 1922-. US satirical novelist, social critic. Player Piano 1952. Slaughterhouse Five 1969.

Voodoo. Carribean religious cult of ritual and magic. Synthesis of African rites and French Roman Catholicism.

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