Numidia. 3C BC-428. Country in N Africa. 46BC Rome. 428 Vandal. ≈Algeria.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

OAU. Organization of African Unity. 1963. Formed to improve living standards and eliminate colonialism.

OCAS. Organization of Central American States. 1951-. For regional and economic unity. CACM.

Ojibwa. (Chippewa). North American Indians near Great Lakes. Supported French vs British in 7 Years War, British vs Americans in Revolution.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Oriskany, Battle. 1777. British ambush Americans.

Orwell, George. 1903-50. English satirical novelist and social critic: Animal Farm 1945, 1984 1948.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Palmerston, Lord. 1784-1865. English Whig Prime Minister 1855~65. Secretary of War 1809-28. Foreign Secretary 1830~51. Crimean War. American Civil War.

Pan-African Congress. 1900~45. Promoted interests of blacks worldwide.

Pan-American Conferences. 1826- US, South American states. Pan-American Union, OAS.

Pan-American Union. 1890-1948. Commercial, cultural exchanges.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Paton, Alan. 1903-88. South African writer. Cry the Beloved Country 1948.

Peacock, Thomas. 1785-1866. English witty satirical novelist: Nightmare Abbey.

Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Pequot War. 1636-7. British annihilate North American Pequot tribe.

Pérez, Galdós. 1843-1920. Spanish writer of 46 historical novels. Episodios Nacionales.

Persius. 34-62. Roman satirical poet. Stoic.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Plata, La. 1776-1910. Spanish viceroyalty in South America. Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay.

151 more results ...