Polyanov, Peace. 1634. Poland receives Smolensk for recognizing first Romanov czar, Michael.

Prussia. 1226 Teutonic Knights. 1466 «Poland. 1525 Duchy of Poland. c1660 Independent. 1701 Kingdom. 1772-95 +NW Poland. 1871 Dominated German Empire. 1919 Weimar(W)/ Poland(E). 1933 Germany(W). Bismarck.

Radom, Confederation of. 1767. Polish nobles oppose king’s reforms leading to Partition.

Riga, Treaties. 1920 Russia recognizes Latvian independence. 1921 Russia cedes land to Poland.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Sigismund I. The Old. 1467-1548. King of Poland 1506-. Acquired Prussia 1525.

Sigismund III. Vasa. 1566-1632. King of Poland 1587-, Sweden 1592-99. Captured Moscow 1610-12.

Silesia. c300BC Vandal. c4C Slav. 11C Polish. 1163 Divided. 13C German colony/Tatars invade. 1335 Bohemia. 15C Divided. 1526 Hapsburg. 1675 Bohemia. 1694 Austria. 1742 Prussia. 1921 Czechoslovakia/Poland/Germany. 1938/9 German. 1945 Poland/GDR.

Socinianism. 1550-19C Unitarian-like religious sect. Christ divine by function, not nature. 1658 Poland.

Stanislaw II. 1732-98. Last king of Poland 1764-95. Installed by his lover Catherine II.

Succession States. 1918. Former Austria-Hungary territories: Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland, Austria, Hungary.

Teschen Dispute. 1919. Poland, Czechoslovakia battle over industrial, coal-mining territory.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Vasa. 1523-1818. Swedish dynasty. Ruled Poland 1587-1668. Dominated 17C Baltic.

Vilnius Dispute. 1919-39. Poland, Lithuania dispute over city.

Warsaw. 1596 Polish capital. 1655 Sweden destroys. 1795 Prussia. 1807 Napoleon creates Duchy. 1813 Russia. 1815 Kingdom of Poland. 1939-45 Germany occupies.

Warsaw Pact. 1955-91. USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania. Treaty for the combined defence of Eastern Europe under Soviet supreme command.

Wehlau, Treaty. 1657. Poland renounces suzerainty over Prussia.