Tonypandy Riots. 1910. Police control striking coal miners. Cavalry held in reserve by Churchill.

Torah. 5-2C BC God’s revealed teaching to Jews. Pentateuch (First 5 chapters of Old Testament). Oral Torah=Hebrew bible.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Tordesillas, Treaties. 1494. Spain, Portugal divide colonies in America and East according to Demarcation Bull of Alexander VI. Spain west, Portugal east of 48.5°W.

Torquemada, Tomás de. 1420-98. Dominican Inquisitor General, Spain. Worst atrocities. Expelled Jews 1492.

Torres Vedras, Lines. 1808-14. Fortifications protect Portugal from French invasion.

Torricelli, Evangelista. 1608-47. Italian physicist. mercury barometer, vacuum 1643.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Toscanini, Arturo. 1867-1957. Italian virtuoso conductor of Verdi, Beethoven.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de. 1864- 1901. Painter of Paris nightlife. Moulin Rouge 1891.

Tour d’Argent. Paris restaurant where Henry IV learned the use of the fork.

Tours, Battle. 732. = Poitiers.

Tours, Truce. 1444-49. Break in Hundred Years War.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois. c1743-1803. Haitian rebel. Helped French expel Britain, Spain. Emancipated slaves. Established black governed French protectorate.

Tower of London. 1066- Palace for William I. Used as prison and garrison at later dates. White Tower 1078.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Toynbee, Arnold. 1852-83. English economist, social reformer on behalf of the working class. The Industrial Revolution 1884.

Toynbee, Arnold J. 1889-75. English historian on the cyclicality of civilizations. Study of History 1934-61.

Trabzon Empire. 1204-1461. Independent Byzantine Empire after fall of Constantinople. Defeated by Ottomans.

Tractarian Movement. Oxford Movement. 1833- Named after Tracts for the Times. Condemned at Oxford 1841.

789 more results ...