St Médard Convulsionnaires. Believers in miraculous cures at St. Médard cemetery forbidden by Louis XV in 1732: “By Order of the King, Let God No Miracle Perform in this Place!”

St Paul’s. London Cathedral. 1287 Original. 1701 Wren finished.

St Peter’s. 1506-1615. Vatican Basilica. World’s largest. Tomb of St Peter. Bramante. Michelangelo. Raphael. Model for many government buildings.

St Petersburg. 1703 Founded by Peter I. 1914 =Petrograd. 1924 =Leningrad. 1991 =St Petersburg again.

St Pierre and Miquelon. 1635 French occupy. 17, 18C French, English dispute. 1814 French. 1947 French Overseas Territory.

St-Quentin, Battle. 1557. Philip II of Spain beseiges + seizes French town.

St Sophia. Hagia Sophia.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stahl, Georg. 1660-1734. German chemist. Animalism-soul controls bodily functions. Theory of Combustion 1702.

Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stakhanovism. 1935. Soviet movement to increase workers’ output. Rewards for exceeding quota.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalin Line. Soviet defensive fortifications along Polish border.

Stalingrad. Tsaritsyn. 1925 =Stalingrad. 1961 =Volgograd.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur. 1879-1923. Bulgarian Prime Minister, Dictator 1919-. Killed in right-wing coup.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

Standard Time. 1884. Standardized one hour divisions from Greenwich. Fleming.

Standish, Myles. 1584-1656. English Mayflower colonist. Led Plymouth colony.

Stanford, Charles. 1852-1924. Irish composer, led revival of English music. Irish Rhapsodies.

Stanford, Leland. 1824-93. US railroad builder. Stanford University 1885.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

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