Royal Titles Act. 1876. Declared Victoria Empress of India.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Royce, Josiah. 1855-1916. US Idealist philosopher.

Ruanda Urundi. Batwa. Bahuta. 14C Watusi. 1897 German East Africa. 1916 Belgium. 1923 League of Nations mandate 1962 Independent. Rwanda, Burundi.

Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Rubicon. Italian river crossed by Caesar to wage war vs Roman Senate 49BC.

Rubinstein, Anton. 1829-94. Russian pianist, composer. Operas, concerti. Demon 1875.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Rublyov, Andrei. c1360-1430. Russian icon painter.

Ruby, Jack. 1911-67. US killer of Lee Harvey Oswald.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

Rude, François. 1784-1855. French sculptor of public monuments. Marseillaise 1833-6.

Rudolf. (Raoul). French king 923-36. Fought Normans and Hungarians.

Rudolf. 1858-89. Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne. Died mysteriously. Declared a suicide.

Rudolf I. 1218-91. First Hapsburg Emperor of Germany 1273-.

Rudolf II. 1552-1612. Holy Roman Emperor 1576-. Ended toleration of Protestants.

Ruffo, Fabrizio. 1744-1827. Cardinal. Led successfull rebellion vs Napoleon in Naples, 1799.

Ruhr. German steel region. Occupied by France 1923-30. Heavily bombed in WWII.

Ruisdael, Jacob van. 1628-82. Dutch landscape painter. Jewish Cemetery c1660. Wheatfields c1670.

Rump Parliament. 1648-60. After Pride’s Purge.

Rundstedt, Gerd von. 1875-1953. Leading German WWII commander.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Runes. 3-16/17C. Alphabet used by German peoples; origin unknown.

Runge, Friedlieb. 1795-1867. German. Phenol from coal 1833. Carbolic acid 1834. Paper chromatography.

Runnymede. Site of 1215 signing of Magna Carta.

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