Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Liberalism, Economic. 19C. Striving for personal profits and liberty. Manchester School. Cobden.

Liberalism, Theological. 17C. Religious inquiry based on reason vs authority.

Liberia. 1822. Colony of freed US slaves. 1847 Republic. 1930 Slavery abolished.

Liberty, Statue of. 1886. Bartholdi sculpture. Gift from France.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Liberty Bell. 1753. Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Cracked 1835.

Liberty Party. 1839-48. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Free-Soil party.

Liberty Poles. 1765-6. Symbolic anti-British poles in US.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Lichtenstein, Roy. 1923-97. New York Pop ‘comic strip’ artist. Whaam! 1963.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Lie, Jonas. 1833-1908. Norwegian realistic novelist. Family at Gilje 1883.

Lie, Trygve. 1896-1968. Norwegian. First UN Secretary General, 1946-52.

Liebig, Justus von. 1808-73. German chemist. Analysis of organic compounds, 1831. Agricultural chemistry, 1841. Chloroform 1831.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Life Guards. 1660.

Ligures. 1000BC People of S. France.

Ligurian Republic. 1797-99, 1801-5. Genoese state formed by Napoleon.

Lilburne, John. 1614-57. English leader of Levellers during Civil War.

Lilith. Jewish female demon, Adam’s wife before Eve.

Liluokalani. 1838-1917. Last Hawaiian queen 1891-5. Abdicated. Aloha Oe.

Lima Declaration. 1938. W. Hemisphere solidarity vs Fascist threat.

Limburg, Pol, Herman and Jehanequin. c1835-c1416. Dutch Gothic illuminators. Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry 1416.

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